The contribution seeks to bring out the idea of an Immortal Bard, who oversteps the limits of time and space, of registers and of cultures – a man who for over 400 years now has belonged to all humanity. We might, indeed, describe Shakespeare quoting from one of his own works, borrowing the last four lines of Sonnet XVIII:
[…] Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st;
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
The activities below are designed to be tackled either in order or selectively.
Among the four nations in the United Kingdom, England stands out sadly for its lack of a national celebration. Ireland (and with it the Irish communities all over the world) celebrates Saint Patrick’s Day on 17th March with a public holiday. Scotland celebrates its national poet every year on 25th January with “Burn’s Night”, a feast of music, poetry and gastronomic specialities. Wales organises its traditional music festivals or “Eisteddfods”. July 12th sees Northern Irish Protestants involved in a provocative commemoration of the Battle of the Boyne of 1690. England alone fails to celebrate “Englishness”.
One date for a national holiday has been proposed but never taken up – the 23rd April.
This year will be different, however, as England prepares for this date, 23rd April, which is not only the feast day of the nation’s patron saint, Saint George, but also the birthday and “deathday” of its iconic writer, William Shakespeare. 23rd April 2016 will be the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare’s death.
Shakespeare may have died in 1616, but he is still the Immortal Bard, a writer whose impact on the English language and culture is beyond compare.
Shakespeare is so much a part of English-speaking (and world) culture that we can find no parallel figure. Indeed, in the preface to the First Folio of Shakespeare’s works Ben Jonson commented: “He was not of an age, but for all time”.
Wikipedia publishes a list of “The Ten Most Significant Figures in Human History”, where Shakespeare is ranked third, beaten only by Jesus Christ and Napoleon Bonaparte.
What then has Shakespeare left us? Iconic images, with a face that is no less familiar than the silhouette of Sherlock Holmes or portraits and statues of famous queens – Elizabeth I and II, Victoria; characters, both historical and invented, like Hamlet, Othello, Shylock, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, Macbeth and Lady, and so many others; sonnets that live on throughout the centuries; plays, of course, too many to list and many which have given birth to other plays, books and films.
His real impact, however, is found in language. Shakespeare is said to be the greatest inventor of words in English and indeed in any language. It is estimated that he contributed about 1,700 words to the language from the very common (“bandit”, “mountaineer”, “advertising”, “gossip”) to the more sophisticated (“lacklustre”, “consanguineous”). Native English speakers are completely unaware of the paternity of these words when they use them, but generally realise that they are quoting the Immortal Bard when using some of his phrases. Whenever we need a phrase for an occasion or to express an idea or an emotion we find that William has already made one for us:
“We are such stuff as dreams are made on” (The Tempest)
“What’s in a name? A rose by any name would smell as sweet” (Romeo and Juliet)
“We few, we happy few, we band of brothers” (Henry V)
“Romeo, Romeo wherefore art thou Romeo?” (Romeo and Juliet)
“It was Greek to me” (Julius Caesar)
“The pound of flesh” (Merchant of Venice)
“All that glisters is not gold” (The Merchant of Venice)
“All’s well that ends well” (title of a play)
Cole Porter, one of America’s leading songwriters, wrote a song called Brush Up Your Shakespeare for the 1948 Broadway musical Kiss me Kate (based in turn on The Taming of the Shrew). The message Porter offers is simple enough: you need to perfect (brush up) your knowledge of Shakespeare to impress people (especially girls!).
The girls today in society go for classical poetry
So to win their hearts one must quote with ease
Aeschylus and Euripides
One must know Homer, and believe me, Beau
Sophocles, also Sappho-ho
Unless you know Shelley and Keats and Pope
Dainty Debbies will call you a dope
But the poet of them all
Who will start 'em simply ravin'
Is the poet people call
The Bard of Stratford on Avon
Brush up your Shakespeare
Start quoting him now
Brush up your Shakespeare
And the women you will wow
See it on YouTube
The Bible, the Bard, the Beatles: these are perhaps the three most important sources of familiar sayings in English.
Work in small groups and try the test below. Can you identify the source (“the Bible”, “Shakespeare” or “the Beatles”)? Check here your answers and see how many correct answers you have given. Which group has the most correct answers? Which of these expressions are also used in Italian? Can you guess why?
1 a plague on both your houses
2 a rose by any other name would smell as sweet
3 a wolf in sheep’s clothing
4 all’s well that ends well
5 an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth
6 as you sow, so will you reap
7 don’t let me down
8 for everything there is a season
9 he that is without sin, let him cast the first stone
10 I get by with a little help from my friends
11 lend me your ears
12 many are called but few are chosen
13 money can’t buy me love
14 neither a borrower nor a lender be
15 no more cakes and ale?
16 such stuff as dreams are made on
17 the love of money is the root of all evil
18 the writing is on the wall
19 whisper words of wisdom: “let it be”
20 yesterday all my troubles seemed so far away
Great writers are still read years or centuries after their deaths, but a great genius, like Shakespeare, is still spoken four hundred years after his death.
The text analysed in this part of the essay is The Immortal Bard (1954), a curious short story by the well-known American science-fiction author Isaac Asimov, in which a scientist brings Shakespeare back to life and has him face up to the world of our own time. The text is easily available online.
Isaac Asimov is a famous - if not the most famous - American Science-Fiction writer. Born in 1920 in Russia, he published more than 500 books, most of which had an enormous success: among his most famous Sci-Fi books it is worth mentioning I, Robot (1950), and his trilogy Foundation, Foundation and Empire, and Second Foundation (1951-53). He also wrote non Sci-Fi books, such as the popular Asimov’s Guide to Shakespeare (1970), in which he introduces Shakespeare’s plays and places them within their cultural and chronological context. The short story that you are about to read, entitled The Immortal Bard, is an example of Asimov’s interest in Shakespeare and was written in 1954.
Share your ideas with the rest of the class.
| ADJECTIVE | MEANING |
| Comic | Incongruous and bizarre |
| Grotesque | Irrational |
| Equivocal | Funny |
| Absurd | Ambiguous |
Imagine Shakespeare entered your English class now, 400 years after his death. What would he find interesting, strange, or simply surprising? Write a short text from the point of view of William Shakespeare himself.
In the short story you have just read Asimov plays with the idea that Shakespeare, the Bard of English literature, is both mortal because of his human condition and immortal because of his universal works. Shakespeare’s plays are still performed on the stages of the world and his characters have been transformed, rewritten, adapted, mutilated and reconstructed so many times that they have pervaded almost every field and area of our culture, from music to films. The presence of Shakespeare and his characters in the maze of contemporary culture is so pervasive that it is possible to say that Shakespeare has never been so alive as he is now, 400 years after his death. In other words, Shakespeare is like a “zombie”, an almost supernatural creature that never dies and always comes back to life in its attempt to conquer the world.
It is not surprising then that with the popularity of the “undead” in today’s television and film culture Shakespeare and his creations have been brought back to life (?) as zombies. Warm Bodies, a 2013 zombie film telling the story of a zombie who is revived by love,is a perfect example of Shakespeare’s popularity among zombies.
Watch the videoclip and answer the questions below:
What is the girl’s name?Referenze iconografiche: Maria_Domnikova/Shutterstock, Photo © AGIP/Bridgeman Images,
Wikimedia Commons, Gian Salero/Shutterstock, Everett Collection/Bridgeman Images